Friday, December 27, 2019
The Beginning Of The Great Firewall - 1733 Words
The Beginning of The Great Firewall Deng Xiaoping, the Chinese communist party leader, in 1978, had a famous saying, ââ¬Å"if you open the window for fresh air, you have to expect some flies to blow in.â⬠(Minzner). This saying has affected the way China contact with the world and trading business. When the Internet officially became available to China in 1994, and because it got popular fast reaching to twenty eight percent of the Chinese citizen in 2009. The Chinese government realized that the Internet has some information that they want to keep it away from their citizens as it is consider as either violation or forbidden information with the Chinese morals and traditions. The Ministry of Public Security by the government in China begun to construct the Great Firewall (Pingp). The Great Firewall is a digital system to control and sense the Internet in China that officially went public in 2000 (Pingp). The main reasons for creating it were to impose Internet security, and censorship to the Chinese citizens. Th e Great Firewall uses techniques like: ââ¬Å"Domain Name System (DNS) pollution and injection, Internet Protocol (IP) and port blocking, Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) reset, interfere secure connection, proxy blocking, IPv6 censorship and email blocking.â⬠(Bu 1). The Chinese government wants to keep its economy growing and while the Internet permits that, it has other content that the government wants to keep hidden from its citizens. The Great Firewall of China is aShow MoreRelated Internet Security Essay1409 Words à |à 6 Pageson your computer, your name, address, postal code and even your phone number.It may also contain credit card numbers, expiration dates, passwords, your e-mail address and any other specific information that you allow it to have. Firewalls: a program that limits or denies the exchange of information to or from your computer.Parameters are set by the user which control the amount of access that is allowed to you computer as well as the type and amount of information that is allowedRead MoreSnhu It-200 Milestone 21216 Words à |à 5 Pagesimportant in the computer room. This is where most of the companyââ¬â¢s connection begins. The internet, which is the WAN (Wide Area Network) is the beginning to the LAN (Local Area Network). This starts with the WAN coming into the computer roomââ¬â¢s T1 Demarcation Router. The T1 Demarcation Router is then connected to the Main Router which has a connection to the Firewall as well as the Ethernet Switch. The Ethernet Switch then has a Fiber Optic cable connecting to the warehouse Remote Ethernet Switch. ThisRead MoreBusiness Plan Essay837 Words à |à 4 Pagesthat financial, or personal life is in great hands. With having a company that will protect hundr eds of thousands maybe even millions the cost of affording my protection plans will be gear toward affordability than profit that I could potentially make. My company plans will come in three major packages, and each package will come with spam protection, daily viral scanning for illegal transactions or activities. Also, I will have in place the most detailed firewall protocol that will be built to not onlyRead MoreChallenges Faced By Large And Small Enterprises1372 Words à |à 6 Pagesas well as medium sized organizations have lot of money due to repeated fraudulent transactions. These are mainly due to the fraudulent electronic financial transactions. Individuals are really the weakest connection in any security composition. A great many people are not cautious about keeping secrets, for example, passwords, and access codes that frame the premise for most secure frameworks. All security frameworks depend on an arrangement of measures utilized to control access, confirm personalityRead MoreEvaluating The Objectives Of An E Commerce Security Program1712 Words à |à 7 Pagesmonitoring techniques in areas such as intrusion detection or verification. Beginning with a secure Web server configuration is critical. It involves strengthening the Web server for its function on the Internet. Next, validate that the Web server is secure at least through a firewall. The best way to pick a firewall is to design or revise the present security policy, so it is easy to pinpoint and assess which firewalls have the functionality to enact policy s rules. Once the Web server is protectedRead MoreWorld Wide Web Connection for Banks657 Words à |à 3 Pages Since the beginning of the great age of internet, banks have been increasingly connected through the complex internet web. This has made banks become more reliable, efficient, and more profitable with increased user base. However, it has come with a great price due to unscrupulous people who want to scheme money from the banks. The websites of big banks such as Bank of America, JP Morgan, Wells Fargo, US Bank, PNC, and Citigroup have significantly underwent through slowdowns thatRead MoreF5 Networks, Inc (Nasdaq: Ffiv) Is A Company Located In1495 Words à |à 6 Pageswith products and services that secure their Internet Protocol traffic and infrastructure storage (Forbes, 1). Some of F5ââ¬â¢s most popular products include the Local Traffic Manager (LTM), Application Security Manager, Access Policy Manager, Advanced Firewall Manager, Application Acceleration Manager, IP Intelligence (IPI), WebSafe and BIG-IP DNS. F5 sells primarily through distributors, systems integrators and resellers. Their clients include businesses, consumer brands and government entities. Its primaryRead MoreComputer System, Excel, And Myob1597 Words à |à 7 Pagesreconciliation. Moreover, MYOB is a more complex accounting computer system compare to Excel, since it provides different functions that help the owner to ma nage their business; such as payroll, inventory, bank, sales, purchase. Also there is a lot great feature in MYOB that allows the users to customize payments, calculation including credit terms, delivery method, pricing regards to late payment fees or any discount included, which they cannot do in Excel. _Pros and cons of MYOB compare to Excel:Read MoreCritical Success Factors : Risk Management1439 Words à |à 6 Pagesproject would endanger it from the start. Some of the major issues with Flayton Electronics stem from their not being PCI compliant which is one of the first lines of defense against data theft. They were not able to catch the data leak due to their firewall being down and compromised. Transaction information was also being stored on the companyââ¬â¢s systems which made the theft easy. And although, they were getting regular reports from the bank, it didnââ¬â¢t show this leak because purchases were not necessarilyRead More Internet Security Essay2396 Words à |à 10 PagesAnother class of concerns relates to restricting access over the Internet. Preventing distribution of pornography and other objectionable material over the Internet has already been in the news. We can expect new social hurdles over time and hope the great benefits of the Internet will con tinue to override these hurdles through new technologies and legislations. The World Wide Web is the single largest, most ubiquitous source of information in the world, and it sprang up spontaneously. People use interactive
Thursday, December 19, 2019
Power Corrupts In George Orwells Animal Farm - 804 Words
In George Orwellââ¬â¢s novel Animal Farm the reader is taken to Mr. Jones Manor Farm where the animals begin a rebellion. Among the rebellion two pigs, Snowball and Napoleon, declare themselves as the new leader. Over the course of the story Napoleon manipulates animals into making him the sole leader. With all the power given to only him, he begins controlling every accept of the animals lives and forces them to follow his rules. Eventually they are back where they were in the beginning with Mr. Jones cruel punishment, now coming from the pigs. Animal Farm demonstrates that power corrupts, and absolute power corrupts absolutely all through the novel by the pigs changing each of the commandments made by the animals in the begining of theâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦From that point on Napoleons thirst for power grows more and more. Every animal helps build the windmill besides the pigs. When a storm occurs and the windmill falls, Napoleon blames Snowball and demands animals rebu ild. While rebuilding the pigs give the animals less food and let themselves grow fatter. Napoleons evil side erupted when the farms prize horse Boxer gets hurt while building the windmill. Napoleon summons a horse slaughterer to take Boxer away. Squealer, Napoleons spokesman who twists information, tells the animals that Napoleon has brought a vetenarian to take Boxer and that he died in the hospital. Squalor even told the animals that he was with Boxer in his last moments and that he proclaimed his loyalty to his ââ¬Å"comradeâ⬠Napoleon. Unfortunately, the animals believed the fat pig Squealer and continued working. Day by day, the pigs break commandments and then revise them to make themselves look semi innocent. The pigs begin prosecuting and then killing innocent animals in front of all the animals which breaks commandment six ââ¬Å"No animal shale kill any other animalâ⬠. Squealer changes the commandment to ââ¬Å"No animal shale kill any other animal withou t cause.â⬠Eventually the pigs break all of the commandments because to them power is addictive. Nearing the end of the story Napoleon and the pigs begin to wear Mr. Jones clothes and trade with people fromShow MoreRelatedAnimal Farm Literary Analysis710 Words à |à 3 PagesGeorge Orwell, a writer of many novels and other literature, one of his most known is Animal Farm.This book is where Orwellââ¬â¢s political style as well as other techniques he used in his writing were used most. Animal Farm is about farm animals who are being neglected by their owner, and they decides to overthrow him and take control of their farm. However, that is only the the outer layer of the story, looking under the surface, this is an allegory detailing the Russian Revolution. The author wroteRead MoreGeorge Orwell s Animal Farm1395 Words à |à 6 PagesGeorge Orwellââ¬â¢s Animal Farm: The Power of Corruption In George Orwellââ¬â¢s Animal Farm, Orwell illustrates how power corrupts absolutely and how Napoleon degrades the structure and stability of Animal Farm because of the decisions that he makes. I will also expand on the idea of how Old Majorââ¬â¢s ideas for an organized society get completely destroyed by Napoleonââ¬â¢s revolutionary actions. It was ironic and satirical that Napoleonââ¬â¢s own power annihilates Animal Farm. The satire in George Orwellââ¬â¢s AnimalRead MoreAnimal Farm by George Orwell1100 Words à |à 4 PagesIntroduction: Widely acknowledged as a powerful allegory, the 1945 novella Animal Farm, conceived from the satirical mind of acclaimed author George Orwell, is a harrowing fable of a fictional dystopia that critiques the socialist philosophy of Stalin in terms of his leadership of the Soviet Union. Tired of their servitude to man, a group of farm animals revolt and establish their own society, only to be betrayed into worse servitude by their leaders, the pigs, whose initial virtuous intentionsRead MoreThe Key Themes In Animal Farm By George Orwell952 Words à |à 4 PagesAnimal Farm, an allegorical novel by George Orwell, depicts a very clear picture of the events leading up to the 1917 Russian Revolution and the Stalinist era of the Soviet Union. The techniques Orwell has used when writing this piece allows his robust view points and prominent reoccurring themes to become clear. A couple of themes that stood out the most to me was the use of education and intelligence, as well as corruption of power and leadership to fuel oppression. Orwell uses the imagery of aRead MoreThe Power Of Power In George Orwells Animal Farm764 Words à |à 4 Pages133). In George Orwells allegorical novella Animal Farm, a successful rebellion, was held against the Mr. Jones (the farm owner), as he mistreated the animals. After the expulsion of Mr. Jones, the farm lacked a figure of authority, so the pigs stepped up to that position as they were the most literate and the cleverest among the animals. Slowly it progressed to a state where the pigs had absolute power over the lives of the animals and the farm. Which led to a situation where the animals had to agreeRead MoreAnimal Farm Character Analysis713 Words à |à 3 Pagesââ¬Å"ALL ANIMALS ARE EQUAL BUT SOME ANIMALS ARE MORE EQUAL THAN OTHERSâ⬠(Orwell 134). In George Orwellââ¬â¢s allegorical fable, Animal Farm, a group of animals lived with their master, Jones. Jones was an unfair man who didnââ¬â¢t care too much about the animals. One day Jones forgot to feed the animals, so they revolted. The animals wanted a perfect place without the corruption of man. The currently animal controlled land of Animal Farm, the smartest of all animals, the pigs take control. To prevent a human-likeRead MoreGeorge Orwell s Animal Farm993 Words à |à 4 Pages In George Orwellââ¬â¢s Animal Farm despite how great a government system is, it is only as good as the people who govern. Animal Farm is a story about oppressed animals overthrowing their humans and taking control over the farm. However things were fine up until the pigs started turning corrupt. The story is told through the eyes of a common animal and the events that occurred on Animal Farm. The narrator is never known but it is apparent that is it just a common animal and this gives the retellingRead MoreEssay on Failed Revolutions and Tyrants in Animal Farm649 Words à |à 3 PagesFailed Revolutions and Tyrants in Animal Farm Animal Farm, by George Orwell was published in 1945, a crucial time in history because of Stalinââ¬â¢s takeover of the Soviet Union and his exploitation of the centralized communist government. This was in direct contradiction to the expected results of the Russian Revolution. Orwell felt that revolutions fail because the end result is a change of tyrants and not of government. Orwell exemplifies this failure through the goals of the revolution and theirRead MoreGeorge Orwells Use of Language Techniques to Represent Power in Animal Farm1408 Words à |à 6 PagesGeorge Orwells Use of Language Techniques to Represent Power in Animal Farm Power corrupts, but absolute power corrupts absolutely; and this is eloquently proved in George Orwells novel Animal Farm. In this satirical fable, Orwell uses his allegorical farm to candidly illustrate the corruptive nature of power and to symbolise the communist system in the microcosm of a farmyard barn. George Orwell was the pen name of Eric Blair, a British political novelist andRead MoreExamples Of Conflict In Animal Farm1319 Words à |à 6 Pagestechniques and compelling concepts to teach individuals powerful messages about conflict. The novella Animal Farm by George Orwell allegorically refers to the conflict of the Russian Revolution and demonstrates that the desire for power corrupts the human condition, leading to the deterioration of society. It also exhibits that the abuse of language is instrumental in manipulating the ignorant to gain power. Edward Zwickââ¬â¢s movie Glory provides an insight into the story behind a group of persecuted African-American
Wednesday, December 11, 2019
Differential Cryptanalysis of Data Encryption Standard
Question: Discuss about the Differential Cryptanalysis of Data Encryption Standard. Answer: Introduction: Innumerable scholars have provided different opinions regarding the importance of email privacy especially at the workplace. An unauthorized access happens only when the email is transit. There are several more reasons of reducing email privacy. Whenever the data is stored on the email server or within a user computer, the data can be easily accessed. However, this particular study has provided an in-depth understanding on the importance of keeping privacy on email. An employee while working within the business organization should use company email so that the rate of unauthorized private email hacking can be reduced. In this particular topic, many eminent scholars have provided necessary solutions on how email, data, chats and necessary information can be protected from the hackers. As per the Australian law, the business employers have the right to spy on how the organizational employees are using email at the workplace. Employees do not have right to open their private mail sitting at the workplace. As a result, the rate of email privacy is very high. However, this particular study has provided a deep insight in how email privacy can be maintained. The several importance of email privacy has clearly been mentioned in this particular study. In addition, the value of encryption process has also been discussed in this particular context. Many eminent scholars have pointed out that encryption process is the effective way for protecting data. At the same time, it is undeniable that this particular systematic procedure demolishes the rhythmic process of business. As per the decision of European Court of human rights, it has been observed that employees can be discharged instantly if they are caught at the workplace in private chatting (newsroom.com.au 2016). After the decision of European Court of human rights, many eminent scholars have opined their strong point of views. Bellare, Keelveedhi and Ristenpart (2013) stated that the decision of ECHR was completely reasonable as private email affects the effective performance of employees. The author has opined that whenever an employee has to provide effective service process for rendering the success of organization, this individual has to provide full dedication towards the business service (Biham and Shamir 2012). Any kind of private email can become a matter of distraction for the individual. Therefore, most of the recognizable business organizations such as Woolworths, B2M Solutions, The Iconic, Rio Tinto and so many have strictly prohibited opening private email at the workplace. Based on the opinion of previous author, Brakerski and Vaikuntanathan (2014) has strongly differed in this context. As per the opinion of this particular scholar, organization should take the responsibility for maintaining employee email privacy at the workplace. Employees should never instruct not to open their private email at the workplace. The author has stated that liberty and democratic leadership culture is one of the most effective ways to get good performance from the employees. The organization should never impose the email privacy law at the workplace (Brakerski, Gentry and Vaikuntanathan 2012). Therefore, the author in this article has strictly opposed the decision of European Court of human rights. As per the opinion of this author, the success of a business organization is highly dependent on the employee performance. Employee would perform well only when the organization would like o maintain an effective employee relation at the workplace. Employers should never impose any decision on the employees. Therefore, the organizations can use encryption process in order to maintain employee email privacy rather than forcing employees not to open email at the workplace. Email privacy at a workplace in a true sense is highly important. Daemen and Rijmen (2013) commented that business organizations should maintain this process effectively in order to secure necessary data and information. Different scholars are primarily concerned on maintaining email privacy. The procedure of maintaining privacy can be different. Behind taking the decision of European Court of human rights, some of the most important reasons were there. Employee email privacy protects important data and information, be it official or personal. Official information can be protected with the process of encryption. This particular process does not allow any unauthorized user to open data and information. Therefore, organizations can use encryption while transferring their official records. On the other hand, maintaining the privacy of email has become one of the major factors for transferring official data and information in a secured process (Evans-Lacko and Knapp 2014). Most of the business organizations like to transfer their financial records through email. Therefore, the employees have to maintain privacy so that data cannot be leaked out by any chance. That is one of the most important reasons business organizations have restricted the employees from opening private emails at the workplace so that their personal data can b e secured. Garg et al. (2013) opined that employees in general like to secure financial and banking information in their private email. Therefore, if an individual intends to open personal mail id at the workplace, the relevant data and information can be hacked at any time. In order to overcome this kind of unexpected situation, the business organizations have decided to prohibit opening mail id at the workplace. The report says that one engineer had been sacked from a reputed organization of Australia due to chat with his finance head with the help of Yahoo messenger. With the help of surveillance technology, the engineer had been caught at the workplace. This particular incident had a major significance on the realm of business industry. The organizational employees felt extreme de-motivated while performing at the workplace. Gentry, Halevi and Smart (2012) opined that the employees performance was falling day by day as they failed to find any motivation within the business organization. Li et al. (2013) opined against the incident that, employers have to focus on whether the employees are meeting their daily target or not. If the employees are successful to meet daily target they should never be imposed on any additional rules and regulations. However, this particular opinion has been strongly opposed on behalf of many contemporary scholars. Nielsen and Randall (2012) commented that employees email privacy has been implemented for the sake of benefits of every individual employee. In order to protect relevant data at the workplace, the organization has prevented the rule of opening personal mail id. In many cases, it has been observed that other employees or senior executives of business organization intend to access others personal mail id and leak those data out. As a result, this particular individual has suffered immensely after exposing all the records at the workplace. In order to overcome these kinds of unexpected situation, the organization has decided to ban opening personal email at the workplace. Australian workplace lawyer, Stevenson has stated his opinion on occasion, If a private mobile phone was brought to work and the employers wi-fi system was being used there, there would be nothing on the face of it that would stop the employer from being able to surveil that mobile phone (newsroom.com.au 2016). After making this comment, the business employers of many organizations of Australia had made a firm protest. According to them employee email privacy helps to protect their important data and information from being leaked out in front of numerous persons. This particular rule should not be circulated in a negative way. Snchez Abril, Levin and Del Riego (2012) stated that the primary purpose of prohibiting private email at the workplace is not to impose unnecessary decision on the employees, but to keep them safe and secured. However, after the immense challenges and controversies happening at the workplace regarding employee email privacy, it has been observed that organizations have focused on encryption. As a result, the machine would never be able to entertain any unauthorized users for opening any data. As a result, in the absence of true user, not a single person would be able to access data and information from machine. Most of the corporate sectors, government sectors of Aust ralia have implemented encryption for using the necessary data and information safely and securely. Conclusion: The study has provided a critical analysis whether employee email privacy is important at the workplace or not. Various scholars have expressed their own opinion on different way by supporting or opposing the point of views. Based on the point of view of different scholars, it has been evaluated that maintaining employee email privacy at the workplace is highly important for securing appropriate data and information, be it professional or personal. At the same time, it is also undeniable that employers should never impose any decision on the mind of employees forcefully. Ultimately, the organizational culture and behavior is highly affected. In this kind of situation, the business employers can make an effective session with the employees for which they can make the workers understand on the reasons of disallowing private email at the workplace. Effective interaction would help the business experts to make a fruitful interaction with the employees in order to convince them about the importance of email privacy at the workplace. Reference List: Bellare, M., Keelveedhi, S. and Ristenpart, T., 2013, May. Message-locked encryption and secure deduplication. InAnnual International Conference on the Theory and Applications of Cryptographic Techniques(pp. 296-312). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Biham, E. and Shamir, A., 2012.Differential cryptanalysis of the data encryption standard. Springer Science Business Media. Brakerski, Z. and Vaikuntanathan, V., 2014. Efficient fully homomorphic encryption from (standard) LWE.SIAM Journal on Computing,43(2), pp.831-871. Brakerski, Z., Gentry, C. and Vaikuntanathan, V., 2012, January. (Leveled) fully homomorphic encryption without bootstrapping. InProceedings of the 3rd Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference(pp. 309-325). ACM. Daemen, J. and Rijmen, V., 2013.The design of Rijndael: AES-the advanced encryption standard. Springer Science Business Media. Evans-Lacko, S. and Knapp, M., 2014. Importance of social and cultural factors for attitudes, disclosure and time off work for depression: Findings from a seven country European study on depression in the workplace.PloS one,9(3), p.e91053. Garg, S., Gentry, C., Halevi, S., Raykova, M., Sahai, A. and Waters, B., 2013, October. Candidate indistinguishability obfuscation and functional encryption for all circuits. InFoundations of Computer Science (FOCS), 2013 IEEE 54th Annual Symposium on(pp. 40-49). IEEE. Gentry, C., Halevi, S. and Smart, N.P., 2012, April. Fully homomorphic encryption with polylog overhead. InAnnual International Conference on the Theory and Applications of Cryptographic Techniques(pp. 465-482). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Li, M., Yu, S., Zheng, Y., Ren, K. and Lou, W., 2013. Scalable and secure sharing of personal health records in cloud computing using attribute-based encryption.IEEE transactions on parallel and distributed systems,24(1), pp.131-143. newsroom.com.au., 2016. Wieck Australasia Newsroom. (2016).Newsroom.com.au. Retrieved 18 December 2016, from https://newsroom.com.au Nielsen, K. and Randall, R., 2012. The importance of employee participation and perceptions of changes in procedures in a teamworking intervention.Work Stress,26(2), pp.91-111. Snchez Abril, P., Levin, A. and Del Riego, A., 2012. Blurred boundaries: Social media privacy and the twenty?first?century employee.American Business Law Journal,49(1), pp.63-124.
Tuesday, December 3, 2019
The British Aerospace Company Tornado Aircraft
Introduction The kingdom of Saudi Arabia is one of the most important countries not only in the Middle East, but also in the globe. This is because this country is known for the quantity of oil that it produces in the world. Furthermore, this nation is recognized for two important mosques and key in the lives of the Muslims across the globe.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The British Aerospace Company: Tornado Aircraft specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Due to this, this republic is working towards ensuring that it bears a sufficiency in all fields. Especially in this time and age, this country is working towards ensuring that the defense and security sectors are catered for. In order to achieve this, this nation has entered into agreements with the British aerospace in order to supply the kingdom with the most modern technology in the defense. During my cooperative training I had the opportunity to work with the British Aerospace. During this period I was able to get more information about the tornado Aircraft. This aircraft is the nucleus of Royal Saudi Air Force (RSAF). This report consists of a summary of my experience during this training period. It provides details about the Tornado engine, its maintenance, and some of the problems that were encountered and suggestions to set them right. Organizational history The British Aerospace Company is a company which is located in Europe. It is a company which is regarded as Europeââ¬â¢s largest and it is the third largest aerospace company in the world. This company has a turnover of 10 million pounds and booked orders which are worth more than 11 billion pounds. The number of staff who is working in this company total to 88,300 qualified personnel. The main operations of this company dwell in the commercial and defense aircrafts. Alongside this, the company is also involved in aircraft maintenance, flight training, advanced navigation and communication systems, rockets, arms and ammunition, civil engineering, optical systems, satellites, ground defense systems, and the ship services. The company has or is divided in three divisions. These divisions are the helicopter systems, naval systems and the Al- Yamamah project. Tornado AircraftAdvertising Looking for report on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This aircraft is a two seat supersonic combat aircraft which is capable of great flexibility of purpose and design to fulfill a wide range of operational requirements. It has variable geometry wings, multi ââ¬â spool, reheated turbofan engines, giving it a speed in excess of Mach 2 at high altitude. The variable geometry wings together with high lift devices, ensures that it can land and take off at slow speeds at dispersed sites. During the time I was in this company, I realized that there are two kinds of Tornado Aircrafts. That is the Tornad o Air Defense Variant (ADV), and the Tornado Interdictor Strike (IDS). The difference that exists between these two aircrafts is that the ADV and IDS, is based in the reheat section. Furthermore, the IDS is 1.39 m longer than the ADV which is the main external difference in front fuselage section to accommodate the AL radar, Sky flash missiles, avionics and extra fuel tank. It also has wing nips which sweep at 68 degrees rather than 60 degrees as on the IDS aircraft. The Tornado is not a pure British design, but Italy and Germany also joined in designing and producing this aircraft. The Tornado weapon system represents the closet approach yet to an ideal multi ââ¬âm role combat aircraft, sought by military aircraft design engineers. Its success is attributable to the skilled application of a number of high technology features incorporated into a basic airborne vehicle. The major roles of Tornado The Tornado is designed to fulfill a number of roles. These roles include close air support, interdictor strike, air strike superiority, interception, land based maritime strike and reconnaissance. Characteristics of the Tornado The Tornado has got specific characteristics which make it stand out from the other aircrafts. This is based on the fact that it is designed in order to fulfill the above stated functions. The main characteristics of this aircraft include the short takeoff or landing and the ability to accelerate rapidly to a high subsonic speed to permit operation from dispersed or damaged airfields in forward areas and immediate reaction to quickly changing battlefield conditions. High speeds at low level so that the enemy defense receives little warning during the time of attack.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The British Aerospace Company: Tornado Aircraft specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The smoothness of the low gust with the wings swept at low levels ensures that the crew maint ain their fighting efficiency. High specific excess power or rate of climb and good acceleration ensure efficient interception or, in the reconnaissance role, evasion. All weather capability enables the Tornado to maintain round the clock pressure on enemy targets and to intercept enemy aircraft by day or night, or in bad weather. Good load carrying ability and flexible weapon or fuel load interchange ensures that most effective interdictor or close air supervision use over a wide range of target distance combinations. This plane has a good sustained maneuverability which ensures excellent self defense and attack capability against enemy aircraft. Lastly the multi ââ¬â spool engines ensure that the aircraft has got a good specific fuel consumption which produces a long range in the strike reconnaissance roles and a prolonged loiter capability in the air superiority role. The table below gives a summary of the IDS and the ADV aircrafts in terms of their specifics. (See Table 1 an d Diagram 1) Tornado Aircraft dimensions: The aircraft construction During the study, I discovered that the aircraft has got an elaborate structure which demands the construction process to be elaborate. In essence, the aircraft structure can be divided into a number of major components. These parts include the Fuselage, wings and the tail unit. The fuselage is further divided into the front, center and rear fuselage sections. The method which is used in the construction of this aircraft known as the, ââ¬Å"Semi ââ¬â Monocoque.â⬠This method utilizes frames, sub-frames, lonegrons, diaphragms, webs, beams and skins in the construction of the fuselage, with spars and ribs used in the construction of the wings, fin, ailerons and flaps. The frames, longerons, spars, ribs and skins are designed to withstand the bending, twisting, compression and torsion loads that an aircraft feels during flight. It is worth noting that the materials which are used in utilizing this aircraft sh ould be able to withstand the loads which the aircraft feels and at the same time be light. Front Fuselage The fuselage consists of frames, diaphragms, webs and skins, manufactured to form an assembly consisting of pressurized structure, forwards equipment compartment, the left hand gun avionics compartments, left hand gun compartment, liquid oxygen compartment, rear equipment compartment, right hand avionics compartments, right hand gun compartments, nose landing gear compartment and the spent cases compartments.Advertising Looking for report on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The center fuselage This extends from the forward transport joint at the frame 9 to the rear transport joint at frame 16, and it is constructed of closely spaced frames and skin assemblies. The frames vary depending on their functions. The wing box contains the wing pivot bearings which are mounted in the top structure. This wing box is usually manufactured from high strength machined titanium alloy. The internal frames are located between the forward and the rear face walls to provide additional strength to the structure. The wing slots seals exist to maintain the fuselage shape. They are also used in order to reduce drag. These pockets are closed by inflatable seals. The wing pocket has got two seals, that is, the upper and lower seals on each side of the Tornado. There are usually interconnected to allow for pressure variations due to the various altitudes which are attained during flight. The main landing gear is usually placed in two compartments. These compartments are located on the underside structure of the center fuselage. The main landing gear retracts forward and inward, the struts being rotated to allow the wheels to be housed flat within the shadow compartments. Fuel is usually stored in the fuselage which is located in the center of the tornado. There are a total of 16 fuel cells in two groups, six in the front fuel group and 10 in the rear fuel group. Rear fuselage This fuselage extends from the transport joint which is located at frame 16 and extends to the frame 19. This is done so that two engines can be mounted in the compartments which are on each side. In addition to the makeup of the engine, the rear fuselage also provides fittings for the fin, air brakes the engine doors and the arrester hook. The rear fuselage consists of frames which are divided by beams. The hydraulic system components are located in these regions. The engine bay is a part of the Tornado which is enclosed by two doors. These doors are locked in position using a mecha nism which is known as the release shoot-bolt. Air breaks are also mounted in the recesses of the fuselage. They are made up of aluminum alloy. The air breaks are located in a closed position sustained by a hydraulically operated lock units. Wings Wings are crucial components of the Tornado Aircraft. Their ability to sweep wing and rotate a pivot axis by means of an actuator is one of the aspects of this aircraft that makes it outstanding. The wings are designed in such a manner that they can carry two wing pylons for the carriage of external stores. The wings are attached to the trailing edge flaps which are installed on the lower side of the trailing edge. These flaps are equipped with carriage rib and a roller system which has two screw jacks. Damage evaluation and inspections There are two main categories of this section. These include the reference system and the inspection of damages. The reference system is a method which is used in defining surfaces, positions and contours. It is a system which operates using a basic system which is supplemented by an auxiliary system. This system is used to locate places on the plane which might be having repair issues. On the other hand the inspection of damage is an action which takes place when a person seeks to establish if there are aspects of the aircraft which are not in good working condition. There are several aspects which are taken when carrying out this inspection. These include the access for inspection. In this case, it is necessary to ensure that the structural damage of the aircraft is assessed. The preliminary visual inspection is the process which involves the visual inspection of the exterior surfaces of the aircraft. Detailed visual inspection involves the deliberate process of establishing the actual problems which may be noticed on the airplane. Tornado systems The Tornado has got several systems. These systems include the fuel system, the environmental system, the electric system, and the wheel or tires system. The fuel system; the aircraft fuel load is usually located in the front fuselage, the center fuselage, the fin and in the wings. The main fuel tank is usually located in the center fuselage. The main fuselage consists of numerous fuel cells which are interconnected in a way that form two separate groups which are designated in the front fuselage. The environmental system; the main task associated with this system is to convert the liquid oxygen into a form that can enable the pilot to breathe in flight. The oxygen system is made up of two parts. These parts are the main oxygen system and the oxygen emergency system. During the emergency cases when the pilot needs to come of the plane, this system ensures that the pilots get 100% oxygen. Tornado Engine The study process made me realize that the Tornado has got a very unique engine. This engine matches the unique characteristics which are used by the engine. The Engine KB 199 was developed by Turbo Union in order to e nsure that the Multi ââ¬â Role Combat Aircraft is realized. The required characteristics demanded the engine to have a bypass engine. This should have a capability of reheat for both the hot and cold gas streams. The thrust reverser is basically fitted with the intention of short landings. In addition, for the sake of maintenance, the engine is divided into several basic modules. These modules enable one to be able to note what they are working on at any given point. It is worth to mention that when removing a module, its identification plate must be kept with its own module, and when refitting a module, that plate must be refitted to the carrier. This eases the process of maintenance. See (Table 2: Table of engine modules, Diagram of the engine and the attached diagram) Types of engine modules During my experience I learnt that the Tornado has got sixteen modules. Some of these modules include the Low pressure compressor module. This is a three stage axial flow unit which compr ises two main assemblies, that is, the engine and the rotor. See (Diagram 2 Compressor module (M01). The intermediate pressure compressor module is a compressor which comprises alternative rows or rotor and stator blades. These consist of an integral disc assembly to which the blades are secured by dove tail roots and retained in the discs by the segmented plates. The high pressure compressor module consists of an outer casing and an inner casing. The outer casing is a part of the intermediate casing module. The inner casing consists of a number of rings bolted together in each pairs. See (Diagram 3 Intermediate pressure compressor module (M02)). The intermediate casing module is a module which forms the foundation unit of the engine which is known as the Master base Module. Their thrusts are attached to the outer case of the module. Engine performance parameters There are several parameters which are used in establishing the functionality of an engine. In this case the parameters i nclude the engine thrust and the specific fuel consumption. The thrust is a gas jet exhausting at a high velocity from a nozzle in the opposite direction of the jet. I later realized that the aim of the designers of these natures of engines is to aim at having engines which have higher thrusts. The specific fuel consumption may be considered to be what is next to thrust. This is because it is one of the most important aspects regarding the performance of the engine. This aspect is used to determine the amount of fuel which is used to achieve pone unit of thrust over a finite period of time. Engine maintenance procedure The maintenance of the Tornado engine is carried out at the engine shop. When the engine arrives at the engine shop it is subjected to various diagnostic tests to check on its functionality. In this case they include the baroscopic, hardness test and the MCD check. Conclusion Just like any other machine or aircraft, the Tornado engine has got its share of the problems which have solutions. When I was under training in this company I realized that some of the problems which are associated with this engine include the interference with the foreign objects which damage the engine (FOD). The high hours can also lead to bearing debris circulating in the engine oil system. This leads to massive wear and tear of the engine. Other problems are associated with thermal fatigue and operating in an environmentally hostile environment. Despite the challenges and problems, one of the sure ways of maintenance of these engines is through subjecting them to thorough inspection and system evaluation. Consistent servicing of these aircraft reduces the risk of the problems which are associated with them thus they are able to function properly for a much longer period of time. Works Cited Rouhollah, K. Ramazani and Joseph A. Kechichian. The Gulf Cooperation Council: Record and Analysis, Virginia: University of Virginia Press, 1988. Print. This report on The British Aerospace Company: Tornado Aircraft was written and submitted by user Aydin Serrano to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.
Wednesday, November 27, 2019
Sunday, November 24, 2019
10 Persuasive Essay Topics on Sports as a Social Institution
10 Persuasive Essay Topics on Sports as a Social Institution When you want to sway an audience to agree with your point of view by presenting arguments, reasons, thoughts and a lot of research, you are actually trying to write a persuasive essay which persuades readers to agreeing with your view. If you donââ¬â¢t have any idea on how to write a persuasive essay on sports as a social institution, weââ¬â¢re here to help. In this first guide, 10 facts for a persuasive essay on sports as a social institution, youââ¬â¢ll learn 10 interesting and informative facts on the topic. This guide helps you attain knowledge on your chosen topic without spending extensive time on research because at the end, youââ¬â¢ll find 7 references from where these facts were gathered. We also have a second guide, 20 topics on sports as a social institution, so you donââ¬â¢t have to brainstorm for specific subtopics. This guide also includes a sample essay as an example on how to write a persuasive essay on sports as a social institution. Naturally, weââ¬â¢ve included 7 references to those topic ideas, for your convenience. Finally, in our last guide, we have included everything you need to know about persuasive writing and how a well-written persuasive essay should be planned. You can look at it as an academic guideline to writing the perfect persuasive essay so that your professor admires your hard work and efforts. Without further ado, here are 10 Facts on Sports as a Social Institution: Around the globe, sports have shaped up social individuals as well as political identities. It has been a subject of popular literature in terms of legends, club histories, heroes, games and championships. Sports have also been credited in popular films, television drama and various other narratives that have influenced millions, even billions of people worldwide. In fact, over recent years, sports have been taken as an important subject of intellectual inquiry, attracting overwhelming interest in the process. Most television programs around the world depend on sporting events to increase their viewers and subscribers. For example, the World Cup Tournament of 2006 held in Germany, attracted 30 billion viewers from around the world. The final match alone was watched by 2 billion people all over the globe. When the internet was used for the first time to enhance viewership of the Beijing Olympics, billions of people watched the seasonal feats of Michael Phelps and Usain Bolt. By reaching audiences through the internet, it boosted the global viewership that was well beyond its traditional boundaries. Many major sports teams serve as a source of pride and social status for individuals who own them. In addition, there are major protagonists in sports who are admired and recognized all over the world. Some of them include David Beckham, Michael Jordan, Ronaldinho, Thierry Henry, Kobe Bryant, Tiger Woods and Lionel Messi. Sports have risen to fame today due to the fact that it became a necessity for people all around the world and social societies demanded it as a means of leisure and entertainment. It is one of the oldest and most essential social institutions that still serves its purpose to gather people from all over the world to one place, idea, or thought. Bodybuilding is a good example. It was becoming a basic need for people to stay fit and look good, and so this sport came into existence. Sports have taken a highly necessary role all over the world, even politically. Tony Blair, the former British prime minister, was sorely disappointed upon receiving news that David Beckham would be unable to take part in a crucial match because he broke his right foot. Mr. Blair went as far as to stop a crucial meeting from being held upon receiving such devastating news. This represents a strong influence of sports on the world, even on a political scale. Sports seem to be a central part of every living and breathing person in this world. In fact, the popularity of sports has been rising so dramatically that it has connected itself with other social institutions. Sports has also been seen to influence culture and in some cases, religion. If you see the sports from a functional perspective, it has played a major role in maintaining the status quo and social order. In ancient civilization, sports and protagonists of sports were influenced by those who had money and power. Even though most sports had been made official, it could still be ââ¬Å"democratizedâ⬠in terms of fairness and sportsmanship. On the one hand, there was a strong concern to maintain and protect fair play, however, on the other, it has been suggested that there was a strong urge to cheat as well, in order to secure a certain social and financial status. The ââ¬Å"Hegemonic Sports Cultureâ⬠has been comprised of sports that are defined by watching, living, speaking, following, debating and even worrying about the sport in a way, rather than just playing it. Regardless of the nature of a game, many societies have been seen to have a hegemonic sports culture. Professional sports are a global force thatââ¬â¢s quickly spread all over the world. It has miraculously become a common language even though we still see distinctiveness in local sports, where regional teams are followed by loyal local fans forever. Masculine sports such as basketball, baseball, football, soccer and hockey have given rise to sports protagonists among millions of predominantly male fans all over the world. Weââ¬â¢re sure you enjoyed reading through these facts. Now you have something to start with. Letââ¬â¢s proceed to our second guide where you are bestowed with 20 relevant topics thatââ¬â¢ll help you write a persuasive essay on Sports as a Social Institution. We also have a third guide, Writerââ¬â¢s Guide for a Persuasive Essay on Sports as a Social Institution, to sum up everything. References: Yilmaz Kaplan, Demet Tekinay, Dr. Alkan Ugurlu; 2013 ââ¬Å"Social Status of Sport: Sport as a Social Event, Phenomenon and Institutionâ⬠International Journal of Science, Culture and Sports. iscsjournal.com/Makaleler/588422276_8ugurlu.pdf Kaplan Y (2011). Hukuk Kurumu, Ed. Gà ¼Ã §là ¼, Sevinà §. Kurumlara Sosyolojik Bakà ±Ã
Ÿ, Kitabevi Yayà ±nlarà ±, Sosyoloji Dizisi 8, 2. Baskà ±, à °stanbul. Kaplan Y (2007). Toplumsal Kurum Olarak Spor ve à °Ã
Ÿlevleri, Uluslararasà ± Akdeniz Spor Bilimleri Kongresi Bildiriler Kitabà ±, 09 11 November 2007, Antalya TÃÅ"RKà °YE. Lars Rensmann, Andrei S. Markovits; 2010 ââ¬Å"Gaming the World: How Sports Are Reshaping Global Politics and Cultureâ⬠Amazon Primeà https://www.amazon.com/Gaming-World-Reshaping-Politics-Culture/dp/069113751X Eric M. Leifer, 1998 ââ¬Å"Making the Majors ââ¬â The Transformation of Team Sports in Americaâ⬠Harvard University Pressà hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674543317 FREY, JH; EITZEN, DS; 1991 ââ¬Å"Sport and Society ââ¬â Annual Review of Sociologyâ⬠Volume 17, Pages 503-522 Annual Reviews Inc. Coakley, J. J. (1997). Sport in society: issues controversies.Sport in society: issues controversies. McGraw-Hill Inc.
Thursday, November 21, 2019
Small Business in Nigeria Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words
Small Business in Nigeria - Essay Example A short history of Nigeria's business and political changes is given. Environmental scans show that because of government intervention at many levels of business, and the favoring of large business by government, small business suffers from a lack of resources and funding. Because of political upheavals and tensions between factions of Nigeria, there has been a lack on economic stability or long-term economic policy. This paper relies upon information found in previous surveys. There is a severe lack of information available from Nigerian government sources. The postal system in Nigeria is deficient, and a third factor of difficulty is the unwillingness on the part of many Nigerians to 'share' information with outsiders. Personal visits by the sources to many companies were used to correlate information. Findings have been combined to develop an overall picture. While there are serious cultural differences WITHIN Nigeria, as well as without, the impact on business in Nigeria is becoming less important. ... The largest cultural difference within the country is from the North, the Huasas territory which is Muslim and very traditional, eschewing the English language, but still dominating the government policies. Another cultural situation is the paternalistic management of companies that follow traditional ways, using the older males of the family to manage the business. The impact of bribery and corruption has been shown to be negative on business in countries all over the world. Evidence of this is given in this paper. Communitarian virtue ethics theory is briefly discussed to the ethical context of Nigerian business. Cultural challenges as well as government changes suggest the need for a "mediating institutions approach" (Mambula 2004). The Enterprise Promotions Act of 1972 helped use more indigenous people in the management of foreign operations. These business philosophies may help reorganize Nigerian economics. The role of women in the workplace in Nigeria is examined, as it has become a growing part of the business world. Previous cultural restrictions have caused women to get less schooling and technical training, and own fewer businesses. But recent economic needs have pushed women into business where they often run their own business as well as take care of dometic chores. The constraints of banking practices on small business is discussed briefly. The overall viewpoint leads to considerations American business might need in deciding whether to engage in business in Nigeria or not. Leadership styles are also highlighted to show which has been more effective. And ethical business theories are focused upon. Common variables of research articles for direction and future research A paragraph from Babarinde (1997) states that
Wednesday, November 20, 2019
Work placement in Hailong Hotel Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words
Work placement in Hailong Hotel - Essay Example The rest of the floors at the hotel have guest rooms. The total number of staff working in the hotel is thirty. The hotel has four receptionists, six floor supervisors, six room attendant, one cleaner, two securities, two hostess, two accountants and one general manager (Trip Advisor, 2012). When innumerable people work together in the same organisation, it becomes quite complex for the human resource manager to manage these group of people. Therefore, the main objective of this paper is to determine an issue in Hailong Hotel and thus offer a theoretical background to the processes that is being focused on in the paper. Furthermore, the paper will also attempt to analyse that specific issue within the agency. Issues in Hailong Hotel Human resource management has attained major focus in the recent years because it contributes to overall efficacy in the organisation. If the overall success of the organisation depends upon the competence of its employees then it is significant for the o rganisation to manage them in a proper way so that the goals can be attained effectively (Yang & Cherry, 2008). The main issue that has been recognised is related to proper management of staff in the Hailong Hotel. The hotel staff requires adequate training so that they can function effectively and thus assist in attaining the goals of the organisation. Lack of training demotivates the employees to work in a proper way and thus might hamper the overall effectiveness in the hotel. Ineffective training problems generally tend to be associated with the workplace problems and thus if the hotel focuses upon improvement in the training that is rendered to the staff then it is likely to reduce problems related to understaffing and theft (Yang & Cherry, 2008). Theoretical Background to the Issues Being Identified Even though the hospitality industry identifies the fact that institutions from where they are recruiting their human resources are performing well, there are numerous concerns. Th ere are many hotels that are offering poor and inconsistent training and also train the wrong kind of people in order to attain a training subsidy. It can be mentioned that training must be attached with additional retention policies (Zhang & Wu, 2004). It is vital for an organisation to create a form of career structure as well as career development through which the industry can endeavour to modernise the recruitment as well as training methods. The hotel industry must offer its staff with the opportunity to progress professionally by means of studies and training, traineeships and apprenticeships (Whitelaw & et. al., 2009). Hospitality industry is one within which the customers are continuously overwhelmed within the hospitality in the way in which they are treated. It is a known fact that if the staff are provided with the quality training then in such circumstances it can enhance the motivation and their performance. Furthermore, the turnover rate of the staff might reduce as w ell (Valachis & et. al., 1995). It is quite difficult to be a part of the hotel industry especially in terms of management position. Different types of people tend to visit the hotels daily. Understanding this diverse group of people is also a cumbersome task for the management of the hotels. Diversity related training can mean a lot of factors. Training can focus simply upon the comprehension of cultures of numerous identifying groups and recreating a personââ¬â¢s biases, prejudices as well as stereotypes. Diversity training can be more focused upon the skills to assist the staff to learn a
Sunday, November 17, 2019
Doubt Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words
Doubt - Assignment Example Sister Aloysius was again in doubts as how the father escaped these issue giving doubts to the two sisters wondering how Father Flynn could have managed it. She then presses on the father to resign and remove the collar.(Glaspell p 14). The agreement that Father Flynn and sister Aloysius regarding the collar and the part to participate was not fulfilled by Father Flynn giving extra doubts to Sister Aloysius. He was assigned a bigger pastor position in another by his seniors. She confirms to her partner Sister James that she has doubts and the play leaves the audience with their own doubt (Glaspell p 24). The moral teaching from the play is todayââ¬â¢s current hot issues facing our religion. The victims are having ways and means of getting away with their wrong doings and getting better positions in the church despite the ill tainted names. (Patrick ,p38)They just migrated to other locations that are not familiar to them or the citizens know little about them and the reasons for such
Friday, November 15, 2019
SWOT and PEST Analysis of Indias Telecom Sector
SWOT and PEST Analysis of Indias Telecom Sector INTRO Indian telecom industry worlds fastest growing industry(last three years 42%) and adding millions of customer monthly and reach to mark of more than 700 million customer mark in the end of year 2010. It is the most dynamic industry and based on the tough competition, price war emerged in the 3rd quarter of 2010. It has lowest tariffs in the world and highest telephone density. It also suffers from highest churn rate 2% and 5% for postpaid and prepaid respectively. It also has lowest ARPU (average revenue per user). It is second largest network in the world (in terms of number of subscriber #1st china) The wireless sector has become so dominant that it is has almost made the landline part dormant with no new happenings/activities/technology in that domain of telecommunication services. A look at their contribution to the total telephone services shows the rapidly change face of the telecommunication industry in India. This sea change has been caused by a number of factors varying from reduction in tariffs and cost of mobile handsets to change in government policies to mindset of the general public. Market Structure Indian telecommunication market is divided into a total of 23 circles, which include 4 metros, and 19 other circles. These circles are further classified into A, B and C type of circles base in the certain economic parameters and revenue potential. Circles were categorized as A,B, C based on the revenue potential as per the 1st auction in 1995. Total Market Size: US $ 60 Billion Telecommunication Services can be broadly classified under 3 heads: Telephone, Broadcasting and Internet. An exponential growth in the number of subscribers has been witnessed over the recent years with the annual growth going as high as 47%. Indian tariffs are very low in comparison to world standards. The COMPANIES which I am going to analyze is top 5 as per the market share shown by above table BHARTI AIRTEL IDEA VODAFONE BSNL AIRCEL PEST ANALYSIS It is the frame work designed to assess the macro environment of any country, organization or company. It is basically include the following four factors but now days it extends further to PESTELED the extension denotes as ENVIROMENT -LEGAL-ETHICS-DEMOGRAPHICS. This analysis tries to find all details related to its four heads, which has some meaning to business and affect business activities.it is the part of external analysis while conducting strategic analysis for business. It is useful tool to understand business growth opportunities and if any previous decline why was decline. With the increase of competition and fast changing global scenario each firm is doing this to be dynamic in its position. POLITICAL FACTORS GOVERNMENT TYPE LABOUR LAW, FREEDOM OF PRESS, RULES OF LAW, BUREAUCRACY, CORRUPTION TRADE RESTRICTIONS/ TARIFFS POLITICAL STABILITY ECONOMIC FACTORS ECONOMIC GROWTH INTEREST RATES EXCHANGE RATES INFLATION RATE BUSINESS CYCLE STAGE SOCIAL FACTOR CULTURAL ASPECTS BUYING BEHAVIOR POPULATION GROWTH RATE AGE DISTRIBUTION INCOME DISTRIBUTION LEVEL OF EDUCATION TECHNOLOGICAL FACTOR RATE OF OBSOLESCENCE RD FACILITIES SPEED OF TECHNOLOGICAL TRANSFER POLITICAL FACTOR- these factors are related to the politics of the country, it has huge impact as India has close environment before 1991 and its difficult or impossible to set up a business. Government type the current UPA government of India is progressive and liberal which laying path to economic development SWOT ANALYSIS It denotes STRENGTH -WEAKNESS-OPPERTUNITY-THREAT and this technique used to analyze a company during strategic planning. This technique is credited to Albert Humphery who led a convention at Stanford University in the 1960s and 1970s using data from Fortune 500 companies. BHARTI AIRTEL: Bharti airtel limited is a leading global telecommunications company with operations in 19 countries across Asia and Africa. The company offers mobile voice data services, fixed line, high speed broadband, IPTV, DTH, turnkey telecom solutions for enterprises and national international long distance services to carriers. bharti airtel has been ranked among the six best performing technology companies in the world by business week. bharti airtel had 200 million customers across its operations. STRENGTH Bharti Airtel has more than 65 million customers (July 2008). It is the largest cellular provider in India, and also supplies broadband and telephone services as well as many other telecommunications services to both domestic and corporate customers. Other stakeholders in Bharti Airtel include Sony-Ericsson, Nokia and Sing Tel, with whom they hold a strategic alliance. This means that the business has access to knowledge and technology from other parts of the telecommunications world. The company has covered the entire Indian nation with its network. This has underpinned its large and rising customer base. Weaknesses An often cited original weakness is that when the business was started by Sunil Bharti Mittal over 15 years ago, the business has little knowledge and experience of how a cellular telephone system actually worked. So the start-up business had to outsource to industry experts in the field. Until recently Airtel did not own its own towers, which was a particular strength of some of its competitors such as Hutchison Essar. Towers are important if your company wishes to provide wide coverage nationally. The fact that the Airtel has not pulled off a deal with South Africas MTN could signal the lack of any real emerging market investment opportunity for the business once the Indian market has become mature. Opportunities The company possesses a customized version of the Google search engine which will enhance broadband services to customers. The tie-up with Google can only enhance the Airtel brand, and also provides advertising opportunities in Indian for Google. Global telecommunications and new technology brands see Airtel as a key strategic player in the Indian market. The new iPhone will be launched in India via an Airtel distributorship. Another strategic partnership is held with BlackBerry Wireless Solutions. Despite being forced to outsource much of its technical operations in the early days, this allowed Airtel to work from its own blank sheet of paper, and to question industry approaches and practices for example replacing the Revenue-Per-Customer model with a Revenue-Per-Minute model which is better suited to India, as the company moved into small and remote villages and towns. The company is investing in its operation in 120,000 to 160,000 small villages every year. It sees that less well-off consumers may only be able to afford a few tens of Rupees per call, and also so that the business benefits are scalable using its Matchbox strategy. Bharti Airtel is embarking on another joint venture with Vodafone Essar and Idea Cellular to create a new independent tower company called Indus Towers. This new business will control more than 60% of Indias network towers. IPTV is another potential new service that could underpin the companys long-term strategy. Threats Airtel and Vodafone seem to be having an on/off relationship. Vodafone which owned a 5.6% stake in the Airtel business sold it back to Airtel, and instead invested in its rival Hutchison Essar. Knowledge and technology previously available to Airtel now moves into the hands of one of its competitors. The quickly changing pace of the global telecommunications industry could tempt Airtel to go along the acquisition trail which may make it vulnerable if the world goes into recession. Perhaps this was an impact upon the decision not to proceed with talks about the potential purchase of South Africas MTN in May 2008. This opened the door for talks between Reliance Communications Anil Ambani and MTN, allowing a competing Inidan industrialist to invest in the new emerging African telecommunications market. Bharti Airtel could also be the target for the takeover vision of other global telecommunications players that wish to move into the Indian market. VODAFONE- Vodafone Essar is the Indian subsidiary of Vodafone Group and commenced operations in 1994 when its predecessor Hutchison Telecom acquired the cellular license for Mumbai. The company now has operations across the country with over 127.34 million customers. In a survey conducted by Indias leading business weekly, Vodafone Essar was awarded Most Respected Company in the Telecom Sector for 2010.Vodafone is one of the worlds leading international mobile communication group STRENGTH Presence in many countries and backed by number one telecom country. Provider of 3G and blackberry services and business solution. Number one gainer due to MNP 50,000 customer. WEAKNESS THREAT OPPORTUNITIES Emerging markets and expansion abroad Innovation Product and services expansion Growing data business and 3G auctioning VAS as a means to increase ARPU (big boss, Zoo Z00) Growing Enterprise solution market (10.2% in 2009 anticipated) Large capital can be raised by listing Vodafone on Indian Stock Exchange(IPO) Tower sharing business with Indus Towers iDEA- idea is the 3rd largest mobile services operator in India, in revenue terms, and recorded a subscriber base of over 78 million as on end November 10. It became a pan-India integrated GSM operator covering the entire telephony landscape of the country, and expanded its NLD and ILD operations in FY 2010. During the year, Idea increased its revenue market share by over 1%, despite stiff tariff war in the market. The company has won license to offer 3G services in 11 service areas, which generate over 81% of the companys total revenue. Ideas 3G services will be launched in the year 2011. STRENGTH WEAKNESS THREAT OPPORTUNITIES AIRCEL The Aircel group is a joint venture between Maxis Communications Berhad of Malaysia and Sindya Securities Investments Private Limited, whose current shareholders are the Reddy family of Apollo Hospitals Group of India, with Maxis Communications holding a majority stake of 74% .Aircel commenced operations in 1999 and became the leading mobile operator in Tamil Nadu within 18 months. In December 2003, it launched commercially in Chennai and quickly established itself as a market leader a position it has held since. STRENGTH WEAKNESS THREAT OPPERTUNITIES BSNL Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd. formed in October, 2000, is Worlds 7th largest Telecommunications Company providing comprehensive range of telecom services in India: Wire line, CDMA mobile, GSM Mobile, Internet, Broadband, Carrier service, MPLS-VPN, VSAT, VoIP services, IN Services etc. Presently it is one of the largest leading public sector unit in India. STRENGTH WEAKNESS THREAT OPPERTUNITIES Industry- pestel, porter, 7s Firm- swot,sap,etop,competitor, internal,externalpestel external factor external factor etop industry analysis competitors analysis competitors analysis mraketing analysis internal factor analysis swot pestel external factor external factor etop industry analysis competitors analysis competitors analysis mraketing analysis internal factor analysis swot pestel external factor external factor etop industry analysis competitors analysis competitors analysis mraketing analysis internal factor analysis swot
Tuesday, November 12, 2019
A Survey on the Impact of Green Procurement
TABLE OF CONTENT DECLARATIONi TABLE OF CONTENTâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦. â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦. ii-iii CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTIONâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦.. 1 1. 1 Background of the Study1 1. 1. 1 The Kenyan Cement Industries3 1. 2 Statement of the Problem4 1. 3 Objectives of the Study5 1. 4 Significance of the Study5 1. 5 Justification for the Study6 1. 6 Scope of the study6 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW7 2. 0 Introduction7 2. 1 The concept of green procurement7 2. 2 Appreciation of Green Procurement in the Cement Industry7 2. Green Procurement Practises in the Cement Industry9 2. 4 The Impact of Green Procurement on the Performance of the Organization10 2. 5. Conceptual framework11 CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY13 3. 0 Introductio n13 3. 1 Research Design13 3. 2 Target Population13 Table 3. 1: Target Population and Sample Size14 3. 3 Sampling and Sample techniques14 3. 4 Data Collection Instruments15 3. 5 Data Collection Procedure15 3. 6 Data Analysis15 REFERENCES17 APPENDICES20 Appendix I: Introduction Letter20Appendix II: Research Questionnaire21 Appendix III: Budget26 Appendix IV: Time Schedule27 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1. 1 Background of the Study Environmental issues have become a subject of critical concern for businesses in recent years worldwide. Environmental obligations have grown substantially as society becomes more conscious of its environment. Legislation relating to the environment is increasing in number, and companies have to be environmentally responsible by taking a proactive stance on voluntary initiatives.Therefore, it is essential that they deliver reasonably priced quality goods and services in desired time frame. Porter and Vander Linde (1995) proved that properly designed environmen tal standards can trigger innovations that improve values, ultimately enhanced resource productivity that makes companies more competitive. Green procurement is an approach in which environmental impacts play an important role in procurement decisions, with procurement officers concerned about more than just price and quality.Companies which pride themselves on environmental stewardship and thoughtful care of the environment may use green procurement, among many other tactics, to ensure that they do business in an environmentally responsible way. A number of aspects of the procurement process may be adjusted to meet a mission of environmental sustainability (Williams, 2000). Within a procurement office, green procurement can involve changes in office procedures which are designed to benefit the environment.For example, rather than having people submit purchase orders and requests on paper, the procurement office might switch to electronic methods of communication so that paper is no t wasted. The office might also engage in environmentally friendly activities like reducing energy usage, keeping plants around the office to improve air quality, or buying carbon offsets to compensate for office energy usage. During the procurement process, green procurement involves seeking out products which are manufactured sustainably (Williams, 2000).On a simple level, green procurement can push companies to seek out office supplies made from environmental products, or products made by companies which are committed to environmental stewardship. The office might also demand minimal packaging on the products it orders, look for products moved with bio-diesel, seek out manufacturing facilities which bear environmental certifications, or indicate to potential vendors that it would prefer products from companies which are committed to minimizing waste and benefiting the environment.Procuring products which are environmentally responsible can be a challenging occupation both in the organization and the procurement officers. Going green can make your products more attractive to big buyers and consumers, reduce waste disposal and operating costs, and help you comply with increasingly stringent environmental regulations (Alsop and Post, 1995). On the other hand building environmental concerns into procurement might seem only to add to your costs, force you to buy products of inferior quality and cost you time and effort.There are a number of obstacles for implementing green procurement programs and this include, lack of readily available environmental friendly products, zero or expensive environmental alternatives, inaccurate studies, lack of organizational support and inaccurate or unsupported environmental claims by the manufacturers and suppliers. Others are legislation, organizational policies, and directives, environmental management systems or multi ââ¬â lateral agreements often require organizations to implement a green procurement program (Worrell, Ma rtin, Hendriks and Meida, 2001).Labeling and certification requirements vary, so a green procurement officer may think that he or she is doing the right thing by procuring a product which bears a ââ¬Å"greenâ⬠label and later learn that the product is not more environmentally responsible than that of a competitor, even though it is more expensive. Good procurement officers will investigate their sources with care, taking the time to confirm that the claims made by a company are accurate and comparing data from different sources to see which vendor is the best (Alsop and Post, 1995).Companies which engage in green procurement processes may be eligible for environmental certification, formal recognition from the government, and other perks. Projecting a sustainable image can also be a valuable marketing tool which a company may use to get an edge on the competition. Environmental advocates also point out that as more and more companies demand green procurement, the market for en vironmentally sustainable products expands, making them cheaper and easier to obtain.These advocates hope to see green procurement becoming the norm, rather than an unusual event (Worrell, Martin, Hendriks and Meida, 2001). 1. 1. 1 The Kenyan Cement Industries The major cement manufacturing industries in Kenya are, the East African Portland Cement and Bamburi Cement. Bamburi Cement Ltd. was founded in 1951 by Felix Mandl ââ¬â a director of Cementia Holding A. G. Zurich. Cementia later went into partnership with Blue Circle PLC (UK). In 1989, Lafarge, the worldââ¬â¢s largest building materials group, acquired Cementia, and thus became an equal shareholder with Blue Circle.Lafarge bought Blue Circle in 2001 to become the largest building materials company in the world and Bamburi Cement Limited principle shareholder. Bamburi Cement is the largest cement manufacturing company in the region and its Mombasa plant is the second largest cement plant in sub-Saharan Africa. It is also one of the largest manufacturing export earners in Kenya, exporting 28 per cent of its production in 1998. Export markets include Reunion, Uganda and Mayotte (Coito, 2004).The East African Portland Cement Company (EAPCC) started as a trading company importing cement mainly from England for early construction work in East Africa. It was formed by Blue Circle Industries United Kingdom. The name Portland was given due to the resemblance in color of set cement to the Portland stone that was mined on the Isle of Portland in Dorset, England. For more than 70 years, East African Portland Cement Company has been Kenya's leading cement manufacturer. By providing the ââ¬Ëlifeblood' of the country's construction industry, the company has played a central role in nation building.The EAPCC has greatly expanded its production capacity with the introduction of Mill No. 5 and at present produces over 1. 3 million tonnes of cement per annum (Detwiler and Tennis, 1996). 1. 2 Statement of the Prob lem Sustainability in procurement is a growing business and social phenomenon, as organizations around the world attempt to align their operations with their sustainability priorities, whether to source ethically, reduce their environmental effect or to support their host communities.All kinds of organizations are being swept up in these developments, including local and central governments, public sector institutions, non-profit organizations and businesses large and small. This naturally has a cascading effect on suppliers who need to anticipate these marketplace changes in order to meet the evolving requirements of their clients (Alsop and Pos, 1995). The Kenyan cement industry has not been left behind either.Through the Kyoto protocol, the government has set up policies and regulations which must be adhered to by the players in the industries including cement manufacturing industries. The process of cement manufacturing involves a long process and combinations of materials whose by ââ¬â products are released into the environment. This poses a great challenge and threat to environmental sustainability especially to the people around the factories and the workers in the industries (Terra, 2007).According to Coito, (2004), through the Kyoto protocol, the government has set up standards for environmental sustainability practises to ensure that the operations of the industries do not interfere with the environment around them, however, due to the nature of the cement manufacturing industries, they pose a greater risk to the environment and this calls for a critical understanding on how the practice of green procurement is carried out in these industries. As the gap between green procurement and the work activities of institutions continue to widen significantly it poses a major challenge to the sustainability of the environment.The researchers have been motivated to carry out this research in order to reduce this disparity by encouraging the society to lear n on the impact of the green procurement. Through green procurement the end products of an organization are environmentally friendly to the consumers, the cost of production is reduced hence higher profits to the organization and cheaper prices to the consumers, the products are of high quality and the consumers of such products are satisfied, however due to the `nature of the cement production, his becomes a big challenge to the organizations and therefore it calls for a critical understanding on how the practise is carried out in these industries and how it affects their products. The study intends to find answers to the following questions; do the cement manufacturing industries practise green procurement? What is the impact of green procurement on the organizational performance? 1. 3 Objectives of the Study The objectives of this study include; i.To establish the extent to which the procurement staff within the cement manufacturing industries appreciate the concept of green proc urement. ii. To investigate how green procurement is carried out by the procurement officers in cement manufacturing industries. iii. To establish the impact of green procurement on the performance of the organizations. 1. 4 Significance of the Study The Procurement officers The study will enable the procurers to appreciate green procurement as a current practise which must be given keen attention and carried in a way that ensures environmental sustainability.The procurers will find this study important especially those who do not have the green procurement competence and hence seek for further information to enable them execute the practise without difficulties. Organizationsââ¬â¢ management Through this study, the managers will be enlightened on the impact of green procurement its benefits and impacts to the organizations and the law, so as to plan and incorporate it in the organizationsââ¬â¢ plans. This will ensure that such organizations carry out their procurement process in a way which shows concern for environmental sustainability.The Government The study will help the government in evaluating the practise of green procurement in the industries, whether the cement industries are adhering to the set regulations and rules. This will be a benchmark for the government to assess the set down rules and the level of compliance by the industries. The Academicians This study will form a basis for further studies on green procurement and add onto the existing literature on procurement and environmental sustainability. 1. 5 Justification for the StudyIn the cement manufacturing process in the industry, the product goes through various stages before the production of the final product. Throughout the product life cycle (PLC), the industry has many potential environmental impacts and it must deal with restoring exhausted limestone quarries, minimizing wastes, reducing emission of carbon dioxide and impacts from dust and traffic or other air pollutants such as NOx and SOx which are mainly emitted in process of energy consumption in baking of cement. Therefore, the industry must provide a mechanism of dealing with the waste in a responsible and acceptable manner.This is why the researchers have come up with this study so as to assess how the cement industries apply the green procurement policies regardless of the type of operations they carry out. 1. 6 Scope of the study The study will focus on the impact of green procurement on the cement manufacturing industries. It will be carried out in Blue Triangle and Bamburi cement ââ¬â Athi River. The study will target the procurement departments within the two organizations. The respondents for the study will be drawn from the employees working in those departments. CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 2. 0 IntroductionThe chapter reviews the literature related to green procurement, its importance and impact on the organization that carry out the process. 2. 1 The concept of green procurement Green Procurement can be stated as the procurement of products and services which are environmentally friendly. The products or services procured should have a lower impact on the environment over their whole life cycle than the standard equivalent. It involves the integration of environmental issues, such as pollution prevention and reduction of waste into procurement decisions along with traditional factors such as price, performance and quality (Williams, 2000).Green Procurement entails practices which encourage suppliers to safeguard the environment by producing goods or offering services that do not harm the environment or lead to heavy use of resources such as energy when being used (Williams, 2000). These practices include; use of products made using recycled materials, use of energy efficient or low energy-consuming products, procuring products that use alternative fuel for example solar, bio-diesel, and ethanol, use of bio-degradable materials and use of non-ozone layer depletin g substances (Perry and Singh, 2002). . 2 Appreciation of Green Procurement in the Cement Industry Sustainable procurement is a growing global trend. Increasingly businesses, governments, non-profit and other organizations are integrating social and environmental objectives into the procurement process as a means to reduce their environmental effects, leverage social benefits and foster a sustainable economy for example green procurement has increased in North America (US, Canada and Mexico) in the last three years, as reported in the 2007 and 2008 Eco ââ¬â Markets studies, (Terra, 2007).In Europe, membership of the Buy-It-Green Network has seen its membership of government procurers more than double from 1997 to 2001 and more than triple since 2001. This is an indicator of the growth in green procurement within Europeââ¬â¢s government sector. A 2005 survey of 25 EU member states was conducted in which government procurement agencies were assessed to determine the effectivene ss of their green procurement programs. The study evaluated 1,099 tender documents and surveyed 865 procurers and found that while 67% identified themselves as green procurers, only 37% had green procurement programs in place (Terra, 2007).In the period 1900-2004, the whole of Africa was responsible for 2. 5% of cumulative carbon dioxide emissions whilst the US accounted for 29. 5%. In 2007, India's per capita carbon dioxide emissions were 1. 4 metric tonnes per annum against 19. 3 tonnes in the US. Although these gaps are narrowing, historic emissions are relevant because carbon dioxide remains in the atmosphere to exert a greenhouse effect for many decades. All assessments of vulnerability to climate change concur that the countries most seriously threatened are those which carry the least historical responsibility (Perry and Singh, 2002).The Kyoto Protocol was negotiated in 1997 as a supplement to the Framework Convention on Climate Change and eventually ratified in February 2005 . Richer countries, known as ââ¬Å"Annex 1 countriesâ⬠, are subject to legally binding targets for cutting greenhouse gas emissions. In aggregate, these seek a 5% reduction in the 1990 level of global emissions before the end of a first commitment period in 2012. However, the calculation excludes emissions from aviation and shipping and there has been no contribution from the US which refused to ratify the Protocol.Furthermore, several countries, including Canada and Japan, have blatantly disregarded their Kyoto commitments (Terra, 2007). The poorest countries now find themselves in an impossible position. They unanimously favour continuity of the Kyoto Protocol as the only currently available means of binding the big polluting countries to their promises. But if they refuse to compromise, they may be accused of collapsing the UN process which is the only international forum in which poor countries have an equal voice (Tokyo, Worrell and Galitsky, 2004). . 3 Green Procurement Practises in the Cement Industry Suppliers are required to provide proof of their commitment to environmental protection. This may take the form of statements on the steps they are taking to reduce their impact on environment, or alternatively to demonstrate that they are not in breach of any statutory requirements relating to the environment. In addition, suppliers should consider the environmental impact of their products through the whole life cycle, from ââ¬Ëcradle to graveââ¬â¢.Today, environmental procurement is an increasingly important issue and decision-making tool for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in developing countries and economies in transition. It can be ignored by an enterprise only at peril to its long-term survival (Coito, 2004). Every product, process and service has an impact upon the environment. Using life cycle thinking can help our understanding of the types and degree of impacts and where they occur. Life cycle thinking can also provide inf ormation on how changes made in a particular stage of the life cycle affects impacts upstream or downstream.For example, the highest impacts of cement products occur in the extraction of raw materials while for others it is during their use or disposal when higher environmental impacts occur. Taking a life cycle perspective can also illustrate the benefits of collecting and recycling packaging materials instead of sending them to landfill; the recycled can replace the need to use virgin materials (Detwiler and Tennis, 1996). On a simple level, green procurement can push companies to seek out office supplies made from environmental products, or products made by companies which are committed to environmental stewardship.The office might also demand minimal packaging on the products it orders, look for products moved with bio-diesel, seek out manufacturing facilities which bear environmental certifications, or indicate to potential vendors that it would prefer products from companies w hich are committed to minimizing waste and benefiting the environment (Roth et al, 2002). Before a green procurement program can be implemented, current procurement practices and policies must be reviewed and assessed.A life cycle assessment of the environmental impacts of products or services is required and a set of environmental criteria against which procurement and contract decisions are made has to be developed. The outcome is a regularly reviewed green procurement policy that is integrated into other organisational plans, programs, and policies. A green procurement policy includes date-stamped priorities and targets, the assignment of responsibilities and accountability and a communication and promotion plan (Roth et al, 2002). 2. The Impact of Green Procurement on the Performance of the Organization The environmental impacts over the life cycle of products are a simple concept to understand. Essentially the diverse environmental impacts such as greenhouse gas emissions, wate r use, air pollution, non renewable resource material use, chemical emissions and waste amounts are measures along the life of a product through a quantification methodology and accumulated. This quantification allows the results to visually represented delivering guidance for procurers that seek to compare different products (Nik et al, 2008).Green procurement policies and programs can reduce expenditure and waste; increase resource efficiency; and influence production, markets, prices, available services and organisational behaviour. They can also assist countries in meeting multi-lateral requirements such as the Kyoto Protocol and Rotterdam Convention. International Standards Organisation and other bodies have established guidelines for green procurement programs (Tokyo, Worrell and Galitsky, 2004). Environmental procurement reduces your costs.Some costs in procurement are visible: price; transport; etc. Others are ââ¬Å"invisibleâ⬠: losses due to inefficient use of resourc es; product liability; and the like. Environmental procurement can help reduce overall costs for the short, medium and long term by introducing a life-cycle perspective. Compliance with regulations ââ¬â environmental procurement helps you meet regulations. Adopting the approach at an early stage can help your enterprise meet progressively stricter environmental regulations at a lower overall cost.Environmental procurement can help you keep pace with consumersââ¬â¢ preferences. The demand for environmentally safe products is being increasingly felt in developing countries and transition economies as well as in developed countries (Worrell, Martin, Hendriks and Meida, 2001). In sum environmental procurement improves your overall competitiveness. Applying environmental procurement can improve your enterpriseââ¬â¢s strategic position in the market, whether domestic or international. Green procurement steams from pollution prevention principles and activities.Also known as gree n or environmental purchasing, green procurement compares price, technology, quality and the environmental impact of the product, service or contract. Green procurement policies are applicable to all organisations, regardless of size. Green procurement programs may be as simple as procuring renewable energy or recycled office paper or more involved such as setting environmental requirements for suppliers and contractors (Tokyo, Worrell and Galitsky, 2004). 2. 5. Conceptual framework Figure 1. 1: Conceptual framework Dependent variable Independent variablesGreen procurement is a fundamental environmental concern that every procurement officer is required to embrace so as to be able procure goods and service that are environmental friendly or procure from suppliers who are environmental conscious about the effect of their products on the environmental sustainability. Appreciation of green procurement by the procurement officers helps in studying the environment under which the organi zations operates and therefore buying their products from suppliers who show concern for the environmental well being.The process of green procurement in the industry takes many different forms but the most important is how it is done in the cement industry. The procurement officer in a cement industry must be able to buy products which are acceptable to environment due to the nature of the cement industry; the products bought should be able to reduce its effect on the environment. Green procurement has several impacts on the performance of the procurement officers; they are able to purchase goods which promote environment sustainability to the people around them hence promoting a positive social cohabitation and reputation of the organization.Green procurement directly affects the end product i. e. the final product becomes competitive in the market. This greatly improves the performance of the procurement officers in the organization. CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3. 0 Intro duction This chapter presents the various steps that will facilitate the execution of the study to satisfy the objectives of this study. These steps include the research design, population of interest, sampling and sampling techniques, data collection instruments and procedures and data analysis. 3. 1 Research DesignThe design of this study is based on survey research of cement industries in Kenya, which will be used mainly because the design is useful in describing the characteristics of a large population. The research design allows the use of various methods of data collection like questionnaire, interview methods and observation guides. 3. 2 Target Population The study will target two cement industries that East African Portland Cement (EAPC) and Bamburi Cement (BC). The respondent will be drawn from the top management and the procurement department from these organizations as shown in table 3. below. Table 3. 1: Target Population and Sample Size Target PopulationPopulation Esti mateSample SizePercentage (%) Top Management (CEO or MD) from BC1 1100 Top Management ( CEO or MD) from EAPC1 1100 Procurement Manager (BC)11100 Procurement Manager (EAPC) 11100 Procurement department (BC) 501020 Procurement department (EAPC) 501020 Total1042423 Source: Authors 2011 According to Table 3. 1 the target population of the study includes the procurement department (100 officers) and the management (4) therefore the total target population is 104 respondents.Under the management category the study will target the top management of the organizations ââ¬â the CEO or MD (2) or the representative because they are the ones who make decision on policies regarding the operations of the organization and the procurement managers or their deputies (2). 3. 3 Sampling and Sample techniques A sample is a smaller group or sub-group obtained from the accessible population (Mugenda and Mugenda, 1999). This subgroup is carefully selected to be representative of the whole population wi th the relevant characteristics.The total sample size for this study is 24 (n=24) as shown in table 3. 1 above. The sample size is convenient to handle due to time constrains. The sampling technique to be used is simple random to pick respondent for the study from the target population. 3. 4 Data Collection Instruments These are the data collection instruments to be used in the process of data collection. They will be questionnaires and this will be used to collect data from all the respondents. The questionnaires, will be used for the following reasons: a) can reach a large number of respondents within a short ime, b) gives the respondents adequate time to respond to the items, c) offers a sense of security (confidentiality) to the respondents, and d) tends to be objective since no bias resulting from the personal characteristics (as in interview). There will be two sets of questionnaires which will have a number of sub-sections that will be sub-divided based on the major research objectives or questions except the first sub-section (section A) that is meant to capture the demographic characteristics of the participants like sex, marital status, age, working experience, and level of education. 3. Data Collection Procedure The authority to conduct the study in the organizations will be obtained from the management through a personal letter of request from the researchers and an introduction letter from the department to show that these are genuine students from the University of Nairobi. The selected respondents will be given the questionnaires to fill. The researchers will then pick them thereafter at an agreed time. The researchers will make sure that they observe all the ethical consideration in the research and the respondents will be assured of confidentiality 3. 6 Data AnalysisThe collected data will be analyzed using quantitative and qualitative methods. The qualitative data will be organized and then coded accordingly using statistical package for soci al sciences (SPSS) and Excel. Descriptive analysis such as frequencies, mean and percentages will be used to present the data in form of tables and graphs. This will involve coding both open and closed ended items in order to run simple descriptive analyses to get reports on data status. The study has three objectives. The questionnaire has been designed according to these objectives and it contains both open and closed ended questions.The close ended questions have been rated using the likert scale where the respondents will be required to select the answers from the ones given in the questionnaire while the open end will require the respondents to give their own views depending on the questions asked. After that data collection it will be in a qualitative form. This will be quantified by coding the data using SPSS to generate tables, graphs, charts for interpretation. The data analysis will be done according to the objectives of the study from where conclusions will be made for ea ch objective. REFERENCES Alsop, P. A. and J. W. Post. 995. The Cement Plant Operations Handbook, (First edition). Tradeship Publications Ltd. , Dorking: UK. Blumenthal, M. 2004. Scrap Tires Fuel U. S. Cement Industry. Cement Americas July 2004. Boustead I. 2001. Who Gets the Credit? Association of Plastics Manufacturers in Europe, Brussels. Coito, F. 2004 (draft). Industrial Case Study: The Cement Industry. Prepared by KEMA Xenergy with assistance from Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Oakland, Calif. Detwiler, R. J. , and P. D. Tennis. 1996. The Use of Limestone in Portland cement: A State-of-the- Art Review. Skokie, Ill: Portland cements Association.Goh, Eng Ann, Zailani, Suhaiza, & Wahid, Nabsiah Abd. (2006). A study on the impact of environmental management system (EMS) certification towards firmsââ¬â¢ performance in Malaysia. Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal. Kaantee, U. , Zevenhoven, R. , Backman, R. & Hupa, M.. (2002). Cement manufacturing using alternative fuels and the advantages of process modeling. Presented at Rââ¬â¢2002 Recovery, Recycling, Re-integration, Geneva. Kitazawa, S. & Sarkis, J.. (2000). The relationship between ISO 14001 and continuous source reduction programs. International Journal of Operations and Production Management, 20(2), 225-248.Kvist, S. , Pongracz, E. & Keiski, R. L.. (2005), ISO 14001 and waste minimization in metallurgy industry. Proceedings of the RESOPT closing seminar ââ¬Å"Waste minimization and utilisation in Oulu region: Drivers and constraints, Oulu: Oulu University Press. Martin Perry & Sanjeev Singh. (2001). Corporate environmental responsibility: The potential and limits of voluntary initiatives. Technology, Business and Society Program Paper Number 3, April 2001. Geneva. Mugenda an Mugenda, A. G (1999) Research Methods: Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches: Nairobi: Acts Press Nik Ramli Nik Abdul Rashid, Nabsiah Abdul Wahid & Norizan Mat Saad. 2008). Expanding the sco pe of education for sustainable development among employees of organizations involved in the implementation of the environmental management system. The 12th UNESCO-Asia-Pacific Program of Educational Innovation for Development (APEID). Bangkok. Perry, M. & Singh, S.. (2002), Corporate environmental responsibility In: Utting, P. (Ed. ). The greening of business in developing countries: Rhetoric, reality, and prospects. London: Zed Press, 97-131. Porter, M. E. & van der Linde, C.. (1995). Green and competitive: Ending the stalemate. Harvard Business Review, 73(5), 120-129 Portland cements Association (PCA). 997. Blended Cement Potential Study. Skokie, Ill. : Portland cements Association. Roth, K. , F. Goldstein, and J. Kleinman. 2002. Energy Consumption by Office and Telecommunications Equipment in Commercial Buildingsââ¬âVolume I: Energy Consumption Baseline. Washington, D. C. Tokyo. Worrell, E. , and C. Galitsky. 2004. Energy Efficiency Improvement and Cost Saving Opportunities for Cement Making: An ENERGY STAR Guide for Energy and Plant Managers. Berkeley, California: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. United States Census. 2005d. 2002 Economic Census, Industry Series Reports: Semiconductor and Related Device Manufacturing.Washington, D. C. : U. S. Census. Williams E. 2000. Global Production Chains and Sustainability: The Case of High-Purity Silicon and its Applications in Information Technology and Renewable Energy. United Nations University, APPENDICES Appendix I: Introduction Letter The Chief Executive Officer/ Managing Director East African Portland Cement/ Bamburi Cement P. O Box Athi River Dear Sir/Madam, RE: A SURVEY ON THE IMPACT GREEN PROCUREMENT IN THE CEMENT MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY IN KENYA. As mentioned above we are conducting as survey on the impact of green procurement in the cement industries in Kenya.Your organization has been targeted for the study therefore, we are kindly requesting you to allow us obtain the relevant data. The respon dents will be the CEO/MD or his representative and others will be picked from the procurement department. This study is being carried out as a requirement in partial fulfillment of the award of a degree in management research project ââ¬â Bachelor of Commerce, University of Nairobi. A copy of this research will be submitted to you upon request. Your positive response will be highly appreciated. Thanking you in advance. Yours Faithfully, â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦ â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦ â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦ â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â ¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦ Appendix II: Research Questionnaire We are students from the University of Nairobi. As part of the course work in our undergraduate program, we are carrying out a survey on the impact of green procurement in the cement industry in Kenya. We kindly request that you provide information as required by the questionnaire in the study. Any information that you will provide will be kept confidential and will be used only for the study and the results then availed to the interested parties afterwards. Part A: Demographic InformationPlease put a tick (v) in the brackets next to the right response 1. Indicate your organization a) East African Portland Cement [ ] b) Bamburi Cement [ ] 2. Indicate your gender a)Male[ ] b)Female[ ] 3. Your Department, â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦. 4. What is your job designation? â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦ Part B: 1. Appreciation of Green Procurement Use the likert scale to answer the questions below. 1 ââ¬â strongly agree (SA), 2 ââ¬â agree (A), 3 ââ¬â strongly disagree (SD), 4 ââ¬â disagree (D), 5 ââ¬â not sure (NS).State the extent to which you agree with the following statements based on your level of appreciation of green procurement in your organization. ActivitySAASDDNS It is important to think twice before buying supplies that are environmentally unsustainable Environmental procurement means systematically building environmental considerations into your day-to-day procurement decision-making and operations Its objective is to help you procure the most suitable and ââ¬Å"environmentally preferable productâ⬠that meets your enterpriseââ¬â¢s needs.I appreciate the ISO standards which requires companies to incorporate environmental considerations into their procurement procedures It involves ensuring the improvement of the suppliersââ¬â¢ environmental performance Due to green procurement increasing number of products that are harmful to the environment (especially chemicals) have been banned by international conventions and treaties Harmful products and technologies, risks to the health of the environment and of the population Due to pressure from consumers, various countries have started to put forward restrictions on importing certain consumer goodsAny other, explainâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦ â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦ â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦.. To what extent do you appreciate green procurement as part of your responsibilities in the organization. â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦. 2. How Green Procurement is carried out in the Organization Please put a tick (v) in the brackets next to the right respo nse a)Do you practise green procurement? Yes [ ] No [ ] b)If yes how do you do it? Explain, â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦.. â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦ â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦. 3. Use the likert scale to answer the questions below. 1 ââ¬â strongly agree (SA), 2 ââ¬â agree (A), 3 ââ¬â strongly disagree (SD), 4 ââ¬â disagree (D), 5 ââ¬â not sure (NS).State the extent to which you agree with the following statements based on the considerations during green procurement ConsiderationsSAADSDNS Procurement officers have to ask themselves questions such as whether a product is based on resources from environmentally sensitive bases (including regions with fragile ecosystems, rare woods or endangered animals). If a product has a percentage of recycled materials rather than relying on virgin materials. If the production process involves a high level of wastage.Companies should look for products with reduced wastage levels achieved through use of more appropriate m aterials or better technologies. The life-cycle approach seeks solutions that reduce negative harmful impacts and costs to the environment. This can mean avoiding restricted or banned substances, non-degradable materials and packaging prone to leakages in transit. An analysis of purchased items can show what the critical needs are for the enterprise to operate international. Any other, please explain â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦.. â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢ ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦ 4. Impact of Green Procurement on the Organization Use the likert scale to answer the questions below. 1 ââ¬â strongly agree (SA), 2 ââ¬â agree (A), 3 ââ¬â strongly disagree (SD), 4 ââ¬â disagree (D), 5 ââ¬â not sure (NS). State the extent to which you agree with the following statements based on the impact of green procurement ImpactSAASDDNS Consider environmental issues in procurement to reduce total costs Makes your enterprise more competitive.Building environmental concerns into procurement adds to your costs, force you to buy products of inferior quality and cost you time and effort Going green can make your products more attractive to big buyers and consumers reduce waste disposal and operating costs. Help you comply with increasingly stringent environmental regulations. Environmental procurement can help you keep pace with consumersââ¬â¢ preferences Applying environmental procur ement can improve your enterpriseââ¬â¢s strategic position in the market, whether domestic or international.It encourages continuous improvement in products and services; Promotes sustainable development in the organization Any others, please explain,â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦ â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦. ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,. ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, Thank you for your coop eration END Appendix III: BudgetItemsAmount (Ksh. ) 1. Stationary (Photocopying papers and writing materials) 15,000 2. Telephone calls 5,000 3. Transport and movement 5,000 4. Binding and Photocopying 15,000 Total 40,000 Appendix IV: Time Schedule Time (Month/Activity)Jan 2011 Feb 2011 Mar 2011 Topic search and approval and material collection Pre-visiting the research area. Proposal writing and defense Data collection and analysis. Report writing and defense Final drafting and submission of the research paper
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